420 vocabulary words to practice. Not a prediction of SAT test content.
Use this as a focused vocabulary review, not a memorization guarantee. The Digital SAT tests word meanings in context; this is not an official College Board list.
Work through unfamiliar words in small batches. For each, cover the definition, recall it, then write your own sentence. Use the downloadable CSV to keep track of example sentences.
The original worksheet did not provide theme labels for every section. Those groups are marked as additional vocabulary instead of assigning new categories.
Section 1: Argument and Persuasion
30 words- advocate
to publicly support
- allege
to claim without proof
- assert
to state firmly
- concede
to admit, grant
- contend
to argue, maintain
- refute
to prove wrong
- rebut
to argue against
- corroborate
to confirm with evidence
- substantiate
to back up with proof
- dispute
to question or challenge
- endorse
to approve publicly
- reiterate
to repeat for emphasis
- underscore
to emphasize
- posit
to put forward as fact
- propose
to suggest a plan or idea
- qualify
to limit or modify a statement
- skeptical
doubtful, questioning
- cogent
clear and convincing
- compelling
powerfully persuasive
- plausible
believable, reasonable
- tenuous
weak, flimsy
- dubious
doubtful, questionable
- fallacious
based on faulty reasoning
- rhetoric
persuasive language
- discourse
formal discussion
- premise
a basis for an argument
- inference
a conclusion from evidence
- hypothesis
a testable explanation
- conjecture
a guess without proof
- consensus
general agreement
Section 2: Contrast and Complexity
30 words- ambiguous
open to more than one meaning
- ambivalent
having mixed feelings
- paradox
a seemingly contradictory truth
- dichotomy
a split into two opposites
- nuanced
full of subtle distinctions
- subtle
not obvious, delicate
- intricate
complicated, detailed
- convoluted
overly complex, twisted
- elusive
hard to find or grasp
- enigmatic
mysterious, puzzling
- inscrutable
impossible to understand
- opaque
unclear, not transparent
- cryptic
deliberately mysterious
- esoteric
understood by only a few
- abstruse
difficult to understand
- arcane
known only to insiders
- obscure
unclear, little known
- equivocal
deliberately vague
- vague
lacking detail
- nebulous
hazy, undefined
- anomaly
something unusual
- discrepancy
a mismatch
- incongruous
out of place
- disparate
fundamentally different
- divergent
moving apart
- contradictory
opposing, inconsistent
- juxtaposition
placing side by side for contrast
- antithesis
the direct opposite
- irony
the opposite of what is expected
- dissonance
clash, lack of harmony
Section 3: Change and Development
30 words- evolve
to develop gradually
- transform
to change completely
- undermine
to weaken gradually
- erode
to wear away
- diminish
to become smaller
- wane
to decrease
- dwindle
to shrink steadily
- proliferate
to multiply rapidly
- burgeon
to grow quickly
- flourish
to grow well
- thrive
to prosper
- stagnate
to stop developing
- stifle
to suppress, hold back
- hinder
to hold back
- impede
to obstruct
- thwart
to prevent success
- bolster
to strengthen
- augment
to increase
- amplify
to make stronger or louder
- exacerbate
to make worse
- alleviate
to ease
- mitigate
to lessen severity
- ameliorate
to improve
- catalyze
to speed up change
- precipitate
to cause suddenly
- supplant
to replace
- revolutionize
to change radically
- innovate
to introduce something new
- adapt
to adjust to new conditions
- volatile
unstable, quick to change
Section 4: Attitude and Tone
30 words- candid
honest, frank
- earnest
sincere, serious
- sincere
genuine
- wry
dryly humorous
- sardonic
bitterly mocking
- cynical
distrustful of motives
- jaded
worn out by experience
- apathetic
uninterested
- nostalgic
longing for the past
- wistful
yearning, sadly wishful
- melancholy
gloomy, sad
- somber
serious, gloomy
- jubilant
joyful, triumphant
- exuberant
full of energy and joy
- zealous
passionately devoted
- fervent
intensely passionate
- ardent
enthusiastic, eager
- indignant
angry at unfairness
- scornful
contemptuous
- disdainful
showing contempt
- condescending
talking down to others
- patronizing
treating as inferior
- reverent
deeply respectful
- irreverent
disrespectful, playful
- whimsical
playfully odd
- sanguine
optimistic
- pensive
deeply thoughtful
- solemn
serious, formal
- ominous
threatening
- aloof
distant, reserved
Section 5: Science and Research
30 words- empirical
based on observation
- anecdotal
based on personal stories
- correlation
a relationship between two things
- causation
one thing causing another
- variable
a factor that can change
- methodology
the methods used in a study
- replicate
to repeat and get the same result
- anomalous
deviating from the norm
- quantify
to measure numerically
- qualitative
based on qualities, not numbers
- hypothesize
to propose an explanation
- deduce
to conclude by reasoning
- infer
to conclude from evidence
- extrapolate
to extend known data to predict
- synthesize
to combine into a whole
- analyze
to examine in detail
- scrutinize
to examine closely
- evaluate
to judge the value of
- assess
to estimate, judge
- systematic
done by a fixed method
- rigorous
strict, thorough
- meticulous
extremely careful
- comprehensive
complete, thorough
- preliminary
early, preparatory
- inconclusive
not settling the matter
- definitive
final, conclusive
- robust
strong, sturdy
- bias
unfair preference
- objective
unbiased, fact-based
- subjective
based on personal opinion
Section 6: Character and Behavior
30 words- benevolent
kind, well-meaning
- malevolent
wishing harm
- altruistic
selflessly concerned for others
- pragmatic
practical
- frugal
careful with money
- lavish
extravagant
- prudent
wise, cautious
- reckless
careless of danger
- audacious
boldly daring
- timid
shy, fearful
- tenacious
persistent
- resolute
firmly determined
- obstinate
stubborn
- intransigent
refusing to compromise
- gregarious
sociable
- reclusive
avoiding others
- eccentric
unconventional
- humble
modest
- arrogant
overly proud
- pompous
self-important
- ostentatious
showy
- austere
plain, severe
- stoic
enduring without complaint
- diligent
hardworking
- indolent
lazy
- fastidious
very picky about detail
- perfunctory
done with minimal effort
- impulsive
acting without thinking
- deliberate
intentional, careful
- magnanimous
generous, forgiving
Section 7: Additional vocabulary (words 181–210)
30 words- autonomy
independence, self-rule
- sovereignty
supreme authority
- hierarchy
ranking by status
- egalitarian
believing in equality
- dissent
disagreement
- oppression
unjust control
- suppress
to forcibly stop
- legislation
laws
- reform
to improve by change
- radical
extreme, fundamental
- orthodox
conventional, traditional
- pluralism
coexistence of many groups
- marginalize
to push to the edges
- inequity
unfairness
- disenfranchise
to take away rights
- coalition
an alliance
- allegiance
loyalty
- regime
a system of government
- sanction
a penalty, or to approve
- precedent
an earlier example
- authoritative
trustworthy, commanding
- legitimate
lawful, valid
- viable
workable
- pervasive
widespread
- prevalent
common
- ubiquitous
found everywhere
- indigenous
native to a place
- colonize
to settle and control
- migrate
to move between regions
- heritage
inherited traditions
Section 8: Language and Literature
30 words- allusion
an indirect reference
- metaphor
a figurative comparison
- analogy
a comparison to explain
- imagery
descriptive sensory language
- motif
a recurring element
- symbolism
using objects to represent ideas
- narrative
a story
- prose
ordinary written language
- satire
mocking to criticize
- parody
a mocking imitation
- anecdote
a short personal story
- soliloquy
a speech to oneself
- foreshadow
to hint at what comes
- protagonist
the main character
- antagonist
the opposing character
- vivid
strikingly clear
- evocative
bringing feelings to mind
- lyrical
expressively poetic
- eloquent
fluent, persuasive
- succinct
brief and clear
- verbose
wordy
- terse
abrupt, concise
- laconic
using very few words
- prolific
highly productive
- idiom
a fixed expression
- colloquial
informal, conversational
- vernacular
everyday local language
- connotation
an implied meaning
- denotation
the literal meaning
- syntax
sentence structure
Section 9: Additional vocabulary (words 241–270)
30 words- paramount
most important
- pivotal
critically important
- crucial
essential
- integral
essential as a part
- negligible
too small to matter
- trivial
of little importance
- marginal
small, minor
- substantial
large, significant
- considerable
fairly large
- copious
plentiful
- abundant
more than enough
- scarce
in short supply
- meager
lacking in amount
- sparse
thinly spread
- myriad
countless
- ample
plenty
- inherent
built in, natural
- intrinsic
belonging naturally
- peripheral
on the edge, minor
- fundamental
basic, essential
- superficial
shallow
- profound
deep, intense
- formidable
intimidatingly strong
- immense
huge
- minuscule
extremely tiny
- exorbitant
excessively high
- nominal
small, in name only
- optimal
best possible
- adequate
good enough
- sufficient
enough
Section 10: Key Verbs
30 words- exemplify
to be a typical example
- illustrate
to clarify with examples
- delineate
to describe precisely
- depict
to portray
- portray
to represent
- convey
to communicate
- evoke
to call forth
- elicit
to draw out a response
- invoke
to call upon
- provoke
to stir up a reaction
- incite
to stir to action
- compel
to force
- coerce
to force by threats
- deter
to discourage
- inhibit
to restrain
- facilitate
to make easier
- foster
to encourage growth
- cultivate
to develop and nurture
- nurture
to care for and develop
- espouse
to adopt a belief
- eschew
to deliberately avoid
- forsake
to abandon
- relinquish
to give up
- renounce
to reject formally
- reconcile
to bring into harmony
- mediate
to settle between parties
- negotiate
to bargain
- yield
to give way, or to produce
- acquiesce
to accept reluctantly
- capitulate
to surrender
Section 11: Nature and Earth Science
30 words- ecosystem
a community of living things
- habitat
where an organism lives
- biodiversity
variety of life
- adaptation
a trait suited to survival
- species
a type of organism
- organism
a living thing
- symbiotic
mutually beneficial
- ecological
relating to environments
- arid
very dry
- fertile
able to produce abundantly
- barren
unable to produce life
- temperate
mild in climate
- erosion
gradual wearing away
- sediment
settled particles
- geological
relating to Earth's rock
- fossil
preserved remains
- extinct
no longer existing
- endangered
at risk of extinction
- conservation
protection of resources
- sustainable
able to continue long-term
- renewable
naturally replenished
- emissions
released pollutants
- climate
long-term weather patterns
- atmosphere
the layer of gases around Earth
- catalyst
something that speeds a change
- compound
a combined substance
- molecule
a group of bonded atoms
- mutation
a genetic change
- evolutionary
relating to gradual change over generations
- genetic
relating to genes
Section 12: Judgment and Quality
30 words- exemplary
serving as a model
- commendable
deserving praise
- laudable
worthy of praise
- noteworthy
worth attention
- remarkable
extraordinary
- groundbreaking
highly innovative
- pioneering
first to do something
- acclaimed
widely praised
- renowned
famous
- prestigious
highly respected
- notorious
famous for something bad
- infamous
well known for wickedness
- flawed
having a defect
- deficient
lacking
- inadequate
not enough
- mediocre
average, unimpressive
- rudimentary
basic, undeveloped
- simplistic
too simple
- naive
lacking experience
- shrewd
clever, sharp
- astute
quick to understand
- perceptive
insightful
- discerning
having good judgment
- insightful
showing deep understanding
- judicious
wise, sensible
- erroneous
mistaken
- spurious
false, not genuine
- unorthodox
unconventional
- unprecedented
never done before
- contentious
controversial
Section 13: Additional vocabulary (words 361–390)
30 words- ephemeral
short-lived
- transient
temporary
- fleeting
passing quickly
- enduring
lasting
- perpetual
never-ending
- chronic
long-lasting
- sporadic
occasional
- intermittent
on and off
- contemporary
modern, of the same time
- archaic
very old, outdated
- antiquated
out of date
- obsolete
no longer used
- nascent
just beginning
- imminent
about to happen
- subsequent
coming after
- preceding
coming before
- concurrent
happening at the same time
- simultaneous
at the same moment
- adjacent
next to
- proximity
nearness
- remote
far away
- secluded
isolated
- expansive
wide, extensive
- confined
restricted
- boundary
a dividing line
- vicinity
the surrounding area
- sprawling
spreading widely
- cohesive
unified
- fragmented
broken into parts
- interwoven
closely connected
Section 14: Additional vocabulary (words 391–420)
30 words- commodity
a good that can be traded
- scarcity
limited supply
- incentive
a motivating reward
- subsidy
financial support from government
- tariff
a tax on imports
- surplus
an excess
- deficit
a shortfall
- monopoly
sole control of a market
- affluent
wealthy
- impoverished
extremely poor
- prosperity
success, wealth
- equitable
fair
- lucrative
profitable
- fluctuate
to rise and fall
- entrepreneur
a business founder
- stimulate
to encourage activity
- allocate
to distribute for a purpose
- expenditure
spending
- revenue
income
- liability
a responsibility or debt
- asset
something valuable owned
- collaborate
to work together
- compromise
a mutual concession
- arbitrate
to settle a dispute formally
- jurisdiction
legal authority
- ratify
to officially approve
- mandate
an official order
- stipulate
to specify as a condition
- criterion
a standard for judging
- paradigm
a typical model or framework
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